13人参与 • 2025-07-24 • Javascript
在现代数据库设计中,json 格式的数据因其灵活性和可扩展性而变得越来越受欢迎。mysql 8.0 引入了许多强大的 json 函数,使得处理 json 数据变得更加方便和高效。本文将通过一个简化的订单表 orders,展示如何使用这些 json 函数来创建、搜索、修改和验证 json 数据,从而优化订单管理系统。
首先,我们定义一个简单的订单表 orders
,其中包含一个主键 id
和一个存储订单详细信息的 json 字段 data
。
create table orders ( id int auto_increment primary key, data json );
接下来,我们插入一些示例数据,模拟不同水果的订单信息。
insert into orders (data) values ('{"fruit": "apple", "quantity": 100, "price": 25.0, "labels": ["fresh", "sweet"]}'), ('{"fruit": "banana", "quantity": 150, "price": 8.0, "labels": ["ripe"]}'), ('{"fruit": "cherry", "quantity": 120, "price": 15.0, "labels": ["small"]}'), ('{"fruit": "apple", "quantity": 50, "price": 12.5, "labels": ["fresh", "sweet"]}');
mysql> select * from orders; +----+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | id | data | +----+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 1 | {"fruit": "apple", "price": 25.0, "labels": ["fresh", "sweet"], "quantity": 100} | | 2 | {"fruit": "banana", "price": 8.0, "labels": ["ripe"], "quantity": 150} | | 3 | {"fruit": "cherry", "price": 15.0, "labels": ["small"], "quantity": 120} | | 4 | {"fruit": "apple", "price": 12.5, "labels": ["fresh", "sweet"], "quantity": 50} | +----+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
json_array(val1, val2, ...)
创建一个 json 数组。val1, val2, ... : 要包含在 json 数组中的值。
mysql> select json_array('apple', 'banana', 'cherry'); +-----------------------------------------+ | json_array('apple', 'banana', 'cherry') | +-----------------------------------------+ | ["apple", "banana", "cherry"] | +-----------------------------------------+
json_object(key1, value1, key2, value2, ...)
创建一个 json 对象。key1, key2: json 对象的键;value1, value2: 与键相关联的值。
mysql> select json_object('fruit', 'apple', 'quantity', 100, 'price', 25.0, 'labels', json_array('fresh', 'sweet')); +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | json_object('fruit', 'apple', 'quantity', 100, 'price', 25.0, 'labels', json_array('fresh', 'sweet')) | +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | {"fruit": "apple", "price": 25.0, "labels": ["fresh", "sweet"], "quantity": 100} | +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
json_extract(json_doc, path[, type])
从 json 文档中选择的数据返回与 path 参数匹配的部分。
mysql> select id, json_extract(data, '$.price') as price, json_extract(data, '$.labels') as labels from orders order by price desc; +----+-------+--------------------+ | id | price | labels | +----+-------+--------------------+ | 1 | 25.0 | ["fresh", "sweet"] | | 3 | 15.0 | ["small"] | | 4 | 12.5 | ["fresh", "sweet"] | | 2 | 8.0 | ["ripe"] | +----+-------+--------------------+ mysql> select id, json_extract(data, '$.labels[0]') as label from orders; +----+---------+ | id | label | +----+---------+ | 1 | "fresh" | | 2 | "ripe" | | 3 | "small" | | 4 | "fresh" | +----+---------+
json_contains(target, candidate[, path])
函数用于检查一个 json 文档(target)是否包含另一个 json 文档或值(candidate),或者检查在指定的路径(path)下是否包含该候选者。它返回一个整数来表示结果:如果找到匹配项,则返回 1;否则返回 0。
mysql> select id, data from orders where json_contains(data, '"apple"', '$.fruit'); +----+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | id | data | +----+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 1 | {"fruit": "apple", "price": 25.0, "labels": ["fresh", "sweet"], "quantity": 100} | | 4 | {"fruit": "apple", "price": 12.5, "labels": ["fresh", "sweet"], "quantity": 50} | +----+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
json_search(json_doc, one_or_all, search_str[, escape_char[, path] ...])
函数返回 json 文档中指定字符串的路径。 json_doc,如果 search_str 或 path 参数为 、 path 在文档中不存在,或者 search_ 如果未找到 str,则返回 。
mysql> select id, json_search(data, 'one','%e%', 'a') from orders; +----+-------------------------------------+ | id | json_search(data, 'one','%e%', 'a') | +----+-------------------------------------+ | 1 | "$.fruit" | | 2 | "$.labels[0]" | | 3 | "$.fruit" | | 4 | "$.fruit" | +----+-------------------------------------+ mysql> select id, json_search(data,'all' ,'%e%') from orders; +----+-------------------------------------------+ | id | json_search(data,'all' ,'%e%') | +----+-------------------------------------------+ | 1 | ["$.fruit", "$.labels[0]", "$.labels[1]"] | | 2 | "$.labels[0]" | | 3 | "$.fruit" | | 4 | ["$.fruit", "$.labels[0]", "$.labels[1]"] | +----+-------------------------------------------+
json_set(json_doc, path, val[, path, val] ...)
函数在 json 文档中插入或更新数据并返回结果。 如果任一参数是 或 path,则返回 (如果指定)。
mysql> update orders set data = json_set(data, '$.price', 26.0) where id = 1; mysql> select * from orders where id = 1; +----+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | id | data | +----+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 1 | {"fruit": "apple", "price": 26.0, "labels": ["fresh", "sweet"], "quantity": 100} | +----+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
json_replace(json_doc, path, val[, path, val] ...)
函数替换 json 文档中的现有值并返回结果。 如果任何参数为 ,则返回 。
mysql> update orders set data = json_replace(data, '$.quantity', 110) where id = 1; mysql> select * from orders where id = 1; +----+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | id | data | +----+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 1 | {"fruit": "apple", "price": 26.0, "labels": ["fresh", "sweet"], "quantity": 110} | +----+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ mysql> update orders set data = json_replace(data, '$.labels[0]', 'crisp') where id = 1; mysql> select * from orders where id = 1; +----+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | id | data | +----+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 1 | {"fruit": "apple", "price": 26.0, "labels": ["crisp", "sweet"], "quantity": 110} | +----+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
json_remove(json_doc, path[, path] ...)
函数从 json 文档中删除数据并返回结果。path 参数从左到右计算。 通过评估一个路径生成的文档将成为评估下一个路径所依据的新值。
mysql> update orders set data = json_remove(data, '$.quantity') where id = 1; mysql> select * from orders; +----+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | id | data | +----+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 1 | {"fruit": "apple", "price": 26.0, "labels": ["crisp", "sweet"]} | | 2 | {"fruit": "banana", "price": 8.0, "labels": ["ripe"], "quantity": 150} | | 3 | {"fruit": "cherry", "price": 15.0, "labels": ["small"], "quantity": 120} | | 4 | {"fruit": "apple", "price": 12.5, "labels": ["fresh", "sweet"], "quantity": 50} | +----+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
json_keys(json_doc[, path])
函数以 json 数组的形式返回 json 对象的顶级值的键。 如果指定了 path 参数,则返回所选路径的顶级键。
mysql> select id, json_keys(data) as `keys` from orders; +----+------------------------------------------+ | id | keys | +----+------------------------------------------+ | 1 | ["fruit", "price", "labels"] | | 2 | ["fruit", "price", "labels", "quantity"] | | 3 | ["fruit", "price", "labels", "quantity"] | | 4 | ["fruit", "price", "labels", "quantity"] | +----+------------------------------------------+
json_table(expr, path columns (column_list) [as] alias)
从 json 文档中提取数据,并将其作为具有指定列的关系表返回。
mysql> select o.id, jt.fruit, jt.quantity, jt.price, jt.comments from orders o, json_table( o.data, '$' columns( fruit varchar(255) path '$.fruit', quantity int path '$.quantity', price decimal(10, 2) path '$.price', comments json path '$.comments' ) ) as jt; +----+--------+----------+-------+----------+ | id | fruit | quantity | price | comments | +----+--------+----------+-------+----------+ | 1 | apple | null | 26.00 | null | | 2 | banana | 150 | 8.00 | null | | 3 | cherry | 120 | 15.00 | null | | 4 | apple | 50 | 12.50 | null | +----+--------+----------+-------+----------+
json_pretty(json_val)
格式化 json 文档,使其更易读。
mysql> select id, json_pretty(data) from orders; +----+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | id | json_pretty(data) | +----+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 1 | { "fruit": "apple", "price": 26.0, "labels": [ "crisp", "sweet" ] } | | 2 | { "fruit": "banana", "price": 8.0, "labels": [ "ripe" ], "quantity": 150 } | | 3 | { "fruit": "cherry", "price": 15.0, "labels": [ "small" ], "quantity": 120 } | | 4 | { "fruit": "apple", "price": 12.5, "labels": [ "fresh", "sweet" ], "quantity": 50 } | +----+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
json_length(json_doc[, path] ...)
返回 json 文档的长度。
mysql> select id, json_length(data) as length from orders; +----+--------+ | id | length | +----+--------+ | 1 | 3 | | 2 | 4 | | 3 | 4 | | 4 | 4 | +----+--------+ mysql> select id, json_length(data, '$.labels') as length from orders; +----+--------+ | id | length | +----+--------+ | 1 | 2 | | 2 | 1 | | 3 | 1 | | 4 | 2 | +----+--------+
判断 json 值是否有效。返回 0 或 1 以指示该值是否为有效的 json。
mysql> select json_valid('hello'), json_valid('"hello"'); +---------------------+-----------------------+ | json_valid('hello') | json_valid('"hello"') | +---------------------+-----------------------+ | 0 | 1 | +---------------------+-----------------------+
注意事项
mysql 8.0 提供了丰富的 json 函数,使得处理 json 数据变得更加简单和高效。通过本文的详细介绍和实际应用示例,读者可以更好地理解和利用这些函数,在实际开发中发挥其最大价值。合理的设计和优化也是确保系统性能的关键因素之一。通过合理使用这些 json 函数,可以显著提升数据处理的灵活性和效率。希望本文能帮助读者在使用 mysql 8.0 处理 json 数据时更加得心应手。
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