Django通过脚本上传文件的详细操作指南

"""
django 脚本上传文件到 imagefield 完整示例
"""

import os
import sys
import django
from pathlib import path
from django.core.files import file
import logging

# 配置日志
logger = logging.getlogger(__name__)
logging.basicconfig(
    level=logging.info,
    format='%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s',
    handlers=[
        logging.filehandler('upload_script.log'),
        logging.streamhandler()
    ]
)

def setup_django():
    """配置 django 环境"""
    # 获取项目根目录
    base_dir = path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent.parent
    
    # 添加到系统路径
    sys.path.append(str(base_dir))
    
    # 设置 django 环境变量
    os.environ.setdefault('django_settings_module', 'yuncoolcinema.settings')
    
    # 初始化 django
    django.setup()
    
    # 导入 django 设置
    from django.conf import settings
    return settings

def upload_file_to_model(model, file_path, field_name='avatar', **kwargs):
    """
    上传文件到模型字段
    :param model: 模型实例
    :param file_path: 文件路径
    :param field_name: 字段名称
    :param kwargs: 模型过滤条件
    :return: 更新后的模型实例
    """
    # 获取文件字段
    file_field = getattr(model, field_name)
    
    # 打开文件
    with open(file_path, 'rb') as f:
        # 保存文件到字段
        file_field.save(
            path(file_path).name,  # 文件名
            file(f),               # 文件内容，转换成django内部的文件对象
            save=true              # 保存模型
        )
    
    logger.info('文件已上传: %s -> %s', file_path, file_field.path)
    return model

def main():
    """主函数"""
    # 1. 设置 django 环境
    settings = setup_django()
    logger.info('django 环境设置完成')
    
    # 2. 导入模型
    from actors.models import actor
    
    # 3. 设置文件目录
    file_dir = path('data/portrait')  # 文件源目录
    if not file_dir.exists():
        logger.error('文件目录不存在: %s', file_dir)
        return
    
    # 4. 获取演员和文件映射
    # 假设文件名格式: {演员姓名}.jpg
    file_map = {}
    for file_path in file_dir.glob('*.*'):
        if file_path.suffix.lower() in ['.jpg', '.jpeg', '.png']:
            actor_name = file_path.stem  # 文件名（不带扩展名）
            file_map[actor_name] = file_path
    
    # 5. 批量上传文件
    success_count = 0
    for actor_name, file_path in file_map.items():
        try:
            # 获取演员对象
            actor = actor.objects.get(name=actor_name)
            
            # 上传文件
            upload_file_to_model(actor, file_path)
            success_count += 1
            
        except actor.doesnotexist:
            logger.warning('演员不存在: %s', actor_name)
        except exception as e:
            logger.error('上传失败: %s - %s', actor_name, str(e))
    
    logger.info('文件上传完成: 成功 %d 个', success_count)

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

def setup_django():
    base_dir = path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent.parent
    sys.path.append(str(base_dir))
    os.environ.setdefault('django_settings_module', 'yuncoolcinema.settings')
    django.setup()
    from django.conf import settings
    return settings

def upload_file_to_model(model, file_path, field_name='avatar', **kwargs):
    file_field = getattr(model, field_name)
    with open(file_path, 'rb') as f:
        file_field.save(
            path(file_path).name,  # 文件名
            file(f),              # 文件内容
            save=true             # 保存模型
        )

# 上传后文件保存位置
file_path = model.avatar.path  # 物理路径: media_root/portrait/filename.jpg
file_url = model.avatar.url    # 访问url: media_url/portrait/filename.jpg

# settings.py

# 媒体文件配置
media_url = '/media/'  # 访问url
media_root = os.path.join(base_dir, 'media')  # 文件存储路径

# urls.py
from django.conf import settings
from django.conf.urls.static import static

urlpatterns = [
    # ...其他url...
]

if settings.debug:
    urlpatterns += static(settings.media_url, document_root=settings.media_root)

# 自定义文件名
def custom_filename(instance, filename):
    """生成自定义文件名"""
    return f"portrait/{instance.id}_{filename}"

# 在模型中
avatar = models.imagefield(upload_to=custom_filename)

import uuid

def unique_filename(instance, filename):
    """生成唯一文件名"""
    ext = filename.split('.')[-1]
    return f"portrait/{uuid.uuid4().hex}.{ext}"

def bulk_upload(models, file_map, field_name):
    """批量上传文件"""
    for model in models:
        if model.name in file_map:
            upload_file_to_model(model, file_map[model.name], field_name)

from tqdm import tqdm

# 在循环中使用
for actor_name, file_path in tqdm(file_map.items(), desc="上传文件"):
    # 上传逻辑

from django.core.exceptions import validationerror

def validate_image(file_path):
    """验证图片文件"""
    # 检查文件大小
    if file_path.stat().st_size > 5 * 1024 * 1024:  # 5mb
        raise validationerror("文件大小超过限制")
    
    # 检查文件类型
    if file_path.suffix.lower() not in ['.jpg', '.jpeg', '.png']:
        raise validationerror("不支持的文件类型")

try:
    upload_file_to_model(actor, file_path)
except oserror as e:
    logger.error('文件操作错误: %s', str(e))
except django.db.utils.integrityerror as e:
    logger.error('数据库错误: %s', str(e))
except exception as e:
    logger.exception('未知错误')

# settings.py
default_file_storage = 'storages.backends.s3boto3.s3boto3storage'
aws_access_key_id = 'your-access-key'
aws_secret_access_key = 'your-secret-key'
aws_storage_bucket_name = 'your-bucket-name'
aws_s3_region_name = 'your-region'

def cleanup_old_file(model, field_name):
    """清理旧文件"""
    old_file = getattr(model, field_name)
    if old_file and old_file.name:
        old_file.delete(save=false)  # 删除文件但不保存模型

from django.core.cache import cache

def get_cached_model(model_class, pk):
    """获取缓存模型"""
    cache_key = f"{model_class.__name__}_{pk}"
    model = cache.get(cache_key)
    if not model:
        model = model_class.objects.get(pk=pk)
        cache.set(cache_key, model, timeout=60 * 60)  # 缓存1小时
    return model

# 创建虚拟环境
python -m venv .venv
source .venv/bin/activate  # linux/macos
.\.venv\scripts\activate   # windows

# 安装依赖
pip install django tqdm

project/
├── manage.py
├── media/                  # 上传的文件存储位置 (自动创建)
├── data/                   # 原始文件目录
│   └── portrait/
│       ├── 张艺谋.jpg
│       └── 巩俐.png
├── scripts/
│   └── upload_files.py     # 上传脚本
└── yuncoolcinema/
    ├── settings.py
    ├── urls.py
    └── actors/
        ├── models.py
        └── ...

python scripts/upload_files.py

# 在django shell中验证
from actors.models import actor
actor = actor.objects.get(name="张艺谋")
print(actor.avatar.url)  # 输出: /media/portrait/张艺谋.jpg

<img src="{{ actor.avatar.url }}" alt="{{ actor.name }}">

# 更新文件时自动删除旧文件
def save(self, *args, **kwargs):
    if self.pk:  # 检查是否是更新操作
        old = actor.objects.get(pk=self.pk)
        if old.avatar != self.avatar:  # 检查头像是否更改
            old.avatar.delete(save=false)  # 删除旧文件
    super().save(*args, **kwargs)