Nginx 基本使用和高级用法示例详解_Redis

nginx 基本使用和高级用法详解

一、nginx 简介

nginx 是一个高性能的 http 和反向代理服务器，具有占用内存少、并发能力强等特点，广泛应用于 web 服务、负载均衡、静态资源处理和反向代理等场景。

二、基本安装与使用

1. 安装 nginx

ubuntu/debian

sudo apt update
sudo apt install nginx

centos/rhel

sudo yum install nginx
# 或
sudo dnf install nginx

2. 基本操作命令

# 启动
sudo systemctl start nginx
# 停止
sudo systemctl stop nginx
# 重启
sudo systemctl restart nginx
# 重新加载配置（不中断服务）
sudo systemctl reload nginx
# 查看状态
sudo systemctl status nginx
# 开机自启
sudo systemctl enable nginx

三、配置文件结构

1. 主要配置文件目录结构

/etc/nginx/
├── nginx.conf              # 主配置文件
├── conf.d/                 # 额外配置文件目录
├── sites-available/        # 可用站点配置文件
└── sites-enabled/          # 已启用站点配置文件（软链接指向 sites-available）

2. 基本配置示例（/etc/nginx/nginx.conf）

user nginx;
worker_processes auto;
error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log;
pid /run/nginx.pid;
events {
    worker_connections 1024;
    use epoll;
    multi_accept on;
}
http {
    include /etc/nginx/mime.types;
    default_type application/octet-stream;
    log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
                    '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
                    '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';
    access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log main;
    sendfile on;
    tcp_nopush on;
    tcp_nodelay on;
    keepalive_timeout 65;
    types_hash_max_size 2048;
    include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
    include /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/*;
}

四、虚拟主机配置

1. 基本虚拟主机配置

# /etc/nginx/sites-available/example.com
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name example.com www.example.com;
    root /var/www/example.com;
    index index.html index.htm;
    location / {
        try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
    }
    # 静态资源缓存优化
    location ~* \.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif|ico|css|js)$ {
        expires 1y;
        add_header cache-control "public, immutable";
    }
}

2. 启用站点

# 创建软链接启用站点
sudo ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/example.com /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/
# 测试配置是否正确
sudo nginx -t
# 重新加载配置
sudo systemctl reload nginx

五、高级配置技巧

1. 反向代理配置

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name api.example.com;
    location / {
        proxy_pass http://localhost:3000;
        proxy_set_header host $host;
        proxy_set_header x-real-ip $remote_addr;
        proxy_set_header x-forwarded-for $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
        proxy_set_header x-forwarded-proto $scheme;
        # 超时设置
        proxy_connect_timeout 30s;
        proxy_send_timeout 30s;
        proxy_read_timeout 30s;
        # 缓冲设置
        proxy_buffering on;
        proxy_buffer_size 4k;
        proxy_buffers 8 4k;
    }
}

2. 负载均衡

upstream backend {
    server backend1.example.com weight=3;
    server backend2.example.com;
    server backend3.example.com;
    server backup.example.com backup;
}
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name app.example.com;
    location / {
        proxy_pass http://backend;
        proxy_set_header host $host;
        proxy_set_header x-real-ip $remote_addr;
    }
}

3. ssl/tls 配置

server {
    listen 443 ssl http2;
    server_name example.com;
    ssl_certificate /etc/ssl/certs/example.com.crt;
    ssl_certificate_key /etc/ssl/private/example.com.key;
    # ssl 安全设置
    ssl_protocols tlsv1.2 tlsv1.3;
    ssl_ciphers ecdhe-rsa-aes128-gcm-sha256:ecdhe-rsa-aes256-gcm-sha384;
    ssl_prefer_server_ciphers off;
    # hsts 强制 https
    add_header strict-transport-security "max-age=63072000" always;
    root /var/www/example.com;
    index index.html;
}

4. 缓存配置

代理缓存

proxy_cache_path /var/cache/nginx levels=1:2 keys_zone=my_cache:10m max_size=10g 
                 inactive=60m use_temp_path=off;
server {
    location / {
        proxy_cache my_cache;
        proxy_pass http://backend;
        proxy_cache_valid 200 302 10m;
        proxy_cache_valid 404 1m;
        add_header x-cache-status $upstream_cache_status;
    }
}

静态资源缓存

location ~* \.(js|css|png|jpg|jpeg|gif|ico|svg)$ {
    expires 1y;
    add_header cache-control "public, immutable";
}

5. 安全配置

# 隐藏版本号
server_tokens off;
# 安全响应头
add_header x-frame-options "sameorigin" always;
add_header x-xss-protection "1; mode=block" always;
add_header x-content-type-options "nosniff" always;
add_header referrer-policy "no-referrer-when-downgrade" always;
add_header content-security-policy "default-src 'self' http: https: data: blob: 'unsafe-inline'" always;
# 上传大小限制
client_max_body_size 10m;
# 限制非法请求方法
if ($request_method !~ ^(get|post|head)$) {
    return 405;
}

6. 限流配置

# 定义限流区域
limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=api:10m rate=10r/s;
limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=login:10m rate=2r/m;
server {
    location /api/ {
        limit_req zone=api burst=20 nodelay;
        proxy_pass http://backend;
    }
    location /login {
        limit_req zone=login burst=5;
        proxy_pass http://backend;
    }
}

7. url 重写和重定向

server {
    # 强制跳转 https
    if ($scheme = http) {
        return 301 https://$server_name$request_uri;
    }
    # 路径重定向
    location /old-path {
        return 301 /new-path;
    }
    # 去除 .html 扩展名
    location / {
        try_files $uri $uri.html $uri/ =404;
    }
    # restful url 重写
    location /api/v1/users {
        rewrite ^/api/v1/users/(.*)$ /api/v1/users?id=$1 last;
    }
}

8. gzip 压缩

gzip on;
gzip_vary on;
gzip_min_length 1024;
gzip_proxied any;
gzip_comp_level 6;
gzip_types
    text/plain
    text/css
    text/xml
    text/javascript
    application/json
    application/javascript
    application/xml+rss
    application/atom+xml
    image/svg+xml;

六、性能优化配置

1. 连接优化

events {
    worker_connections 4096;
    use epoll;
    multi_accept on;
}
http {
    sendfile on;
    tcp_nopush on;
    tcp_nodelay on;
    keepalive_timeout 65;
    keepalive_requests 1000;
    # 文件描述符缓存
    open_file_cache max=200000 inactive=20s;
    open_file_cache_valid 30s;
    open_file_cache_min_uses 2;
    open_file_cache_errors on;
}

2. 工作进程优化

worker_processes auto;
worker_cpu_affinity auto;
# 提高文件描述符限制
worker_rlimit_nofile 65535;

七、日志配置

1. 自定义日志格式

log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
                '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
                '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for" '
                'rt=$request_time uct="$upstream_connect_time" '
                'uht="$upstream_header_time" urt="$upstream_response_time"';
access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log main;
error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log warn;

2. 日志分割脚本（rotate_nginx_logs.sh）

#!/bin/bash
# rotate_nginx_logs.sh
log_dir="/var/log/nginx"
date=$(date -d "yesterday" +%y-%m-%d)
mv $log_dir/access.log $log_dir/access.$date.log
mv $log_dir/error.log $log_dir/error.$date.log
# 通知 nginx 重新打开日志文件
kill -usr1 $(cat /var/run/nginx.pid)
# 压缩7天前的日志
find $log_dir -name "*.log" -mtime +7 -exec gzip {} \;

提示：可配合 cron 定时执行日志轮转。

八、监控和调试

1. 状态页面配置

server {
    listen 8080;
    server_name localhost;
    location /nginx_status {
        stub_status on;
        access_log off;
        allow 127.0.0.1;
        deny all;
    }
}

访问 http://localhost:8080/nginx_status 可查看连接状态。

2. 调试常用命令

# 测试配置语法
sudo nginx -t
# 打印完整配置（含 include）
sudo nginx -t
# 查看 nginx 编译参数和模块
nginx -v
# 实时查看日志
tail -f /var/log/nginx/access.log
tail -f /var/log/nginx/error.log
# 压力测试（apache bench）
ab -n 1000 -c 100 http://example.com/

九、docker 中的 nginx

1. dockerfile 示例

from nginx:alpine
copy nginx.conf /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
copy sites/ /etc/nginx/sites-available/
copy html/ /usr/share/nginx/html/
run ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/example.com /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/
expose 80 443
cmd ["nginx", "-g", "daemon off;"]

2. docker compose 示例

version: '3.8'
services:
  nginx:
    image: nginx:alpine
    ports:
      - "80:80"
      - "443:443"
    volumes:
      - ./nginx.conf:/etc/nginx/nginx.conf
      - ./sites:/etc/nginx/sites-available
      - ./html:/usr/share/nginx/html
      - ./ssl:/etc/ssl
    networks:
      - webnet
networks:
  webnet:
    driver: bridge

结语

本指南涵盖了 nginx 的 基础安装、虚拟主机、反向代理、负载均衡、ssl 配置、缓存、安全加固、限流、url 重写、gzip 压缩、性能调优、日志管理、监控调试 以及 docker 部署 等核心内容，适用于构建高可用、高性能、安全的 web 服务架构。

建议在生产环境中结合具体业务场景进行配置优化，并定期审查安全策略和性能指标。

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Nginx 基本使用和高级用法示例详解